Shatakshee Dhongde
Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, Professor
Member Of:
- Ivan Allen Dean's Office
- School of Economics
- ADVANCE IAC
- Development Studies Program
Office Phone:404-894-4913
Fax Number:404-894-1890
Office Location: Old CE Building, Room 221
Related Links:
Email Address: shatakshee.dhongde@econ.gatech.edu
Overview
Dr. Shatakshee Dhongde is a Professor of Economics at Georgia Tech. She obtained her Ph.D. from the University of California, Riverside. Her research has focused on measures of poverty, inequality, and deprivation. She was one of the first scholars to provide consistent estimates of multidimensional poverty in U.S. Dr. Dhongde is the recipient of Dean George C. Griffin Faculty of the Year Award (2022), Mary S. and Richard B. Inman, Jr. Faculty Excellence Award (2021), and Ivan Allen Jr. Legacy Award (2019). She is the President-elect of the International Association of Review of Income and Wealth, is a Fellow of the Society for Economic Measurement and a research affiliate with the Institute of Research on Poverty at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Her work has featured in media, including the BBC and the NPR. Since 2021, she serves as the Associate Dean of Academic Affairs at the Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts at Georgia Tech.
Education:
- Ph.D., University of California, Riverside, United States
- M.A., University of Pune, India
- B.A., University of Pune, India
Awards and
Distinctions:
Distinctions:
- President-elect, International Association of Review of Income and Wealth (2025)
- Class of 1934 Outstanding Interdisciplinary Activities Award (2025)
- Dean George C. Griffin Faculty of the Year Award (2022)
- Mary S. and Richard B. Inman, Jr. Faculty Excellence Award (2021)
- Fellow, Society for Economic Measurement (2019)
- The Ivan Allen Jr. Legacy Award at Georgia Tech (2019)
Interests
Research Fields:
- Applied Econometrics
- Development Economics
Geographic
Focuses:
Focuses:
- Asia (South)
- United States
- United States - Georgia
Issues:
- Health
- Inequality and Social Justice
- International Development
- Weapons and Security
- Human Capital
- Inequality and Poverty
- Terrorism
Courses
- ECON-3110: Adv Microeconomic Analys
- ECON-3161: Econometric Analysis
- ECON-4411: Economic Development
- ECON-4699: Undergraduate Research
- ECON-6105: Macroeconomics
- ECON-6360: Development Economics
- ECON-7012: Microeconomic Theory I
- ECON-8803: Special Topics
Publications
Selected Publications
Journal Articles
- COVID-19 and mortality among infants: Evidence from India
In: Journal of Health Economics [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2025
We present the first survey-based evidence on infant mortality in a developing country during the COVID-19 pandemic. Employing high-quality, nationally representative data from India, our analyses document a significant rise in mortality rates among infants during a six month period in 2020 covering the pandemic and the ensuing lockdown. The difference-in-differences estimates show that mortality among infants at ages 1, 3, and 6 months increased by about 9, 13, and 16 deaths per 1000 births, corresponding to an increase of 30, 42, and 44 percent, respectively. Since COVID-19 had minimal direct impact on infant mortality, our estimates likely capture some of the indirect effects on infant mortality through income shocks, reduced healthcare access, and behavioral changes such as avoidance of hospitals for maternal care during this period.
- Inequality in Multidimensional Well-being in the United States
In: Review of Income and Wealth [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2024
In this paper we provide a framework to measure an individual's multidimensional well-being and discuss two approaches to measuring inequality in multidimensional well-being. The framework is used to study inequality in multidimensional well-being in the United States in the last decade. Using data from the Current Population Survey on three well-being indicators, namely, income, health, and education, we first compute a multidimensional well-being index for every individual in the sample and then study inequality of well-being thus obtained. We find that inequality in well-being increased between 2010 and 2014 and decreased between 2014 and 2019. We test the sensitivity of our results by using alternative measures of inequality and attaching alternative weights to well-being indicators.
- Poverty and Disadvantage throughout Childhood in the United States
In: Child Indicators Research [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2024
We analyze measures of socioeconomic disadvantage over the course of childhood in the United States. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we estimate the proportion of childhood spent in income poverty, low food spending, and multidimensional disadvantage from 1998 to 2018, as well as the degree to which these measures coincide. We also report associations between correlates of childhood disadvantage and early adulthood implications for health and education. On average, one-fifth of childhood is characterized by some socioeconomic disadvantage. 10% of all children spend at least half of their childhood in poverty, and the 10% most persistently disadvantaged Black children spend at least 85% of their childhood in poverty. Childhood disadvantage has strong negative associations with continuing education, both at the extensive and intensive margins of exposure, and a broader classification of childhood disadvantage is suggestive of negative health outcomes in early adulthood, as well.
- Rapid Economic Growth but Rising Poverty Segregation: Will Vietnam Meet the SDGs for Equitable Development?
In: Review of Development Economics [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2024
Vietnam is widely regarded as a success story for its impressive economic growth and poverty reduction in the last few decades. Yet, recent evidence indicates that the country's economic growth has not been uniform. Compiling and analyzing new extensive province-level data from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys (VHLSSs) spanning 2002 and 2020 and other data sources, we find within-province inequality to be much larger than between-province inequality. Furthermore, this inequality gap is rising over time. Despite the country's fast poverty reduction, the poor were increasingly segregated in certain provinces, particularly those with a larger ethnic minority population. We find beneficial impact of economic growth on poverty reduction, but this can depend on inequality levels. We also find greater inequality to have negative effects on economic growth but varying negative effects on different poverty indicators. We also find some supportive evidence for the beneficial impact of economic transitions from agriculture to non-agriculture. Our results suggest that policy makers in Vietnam should focus on reducing spatial disparities and income inequality to attain sustainable economic development.
- Multidimensional Hardships in the U.S. during the COVID-19 Pandemic
In: Social Indicators Research [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2023
In this paper, for the first time, we provide monthly estimates of multidimensional hardships experienced by Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic. We compile data from the Census’s Household Pulse Survey on job insecurity, food insufficiency, housing insecurity, and mental health. Our analysis covers two years of the pandemic, beginning in April 2020 and ending in March 2022. We find that during these two years, 16.3% of adults, on average, experienced two or more hardships simultaneously. At the peaks of the hardship crises in July and December 2020, approximately 20% or one in five adults experienced two or more hardships. The most common hardships experienced by Americans during the pandemic were job insecurity and mental health. Multidimensional hardships were more prevalent among Black and Hispanic adults and less among White and Asian adults. Our results underscore the fact that the pandemic compounded hardships experienced by Americans and left a long-lasting impact on their well-being.
- Analyzing Racial and Ethnic Differences in the USA through the Lens of Multidimensional Poverty
In: Journal of Economics, Race and Policy [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2022
This paper provides a unified framework for practitioners who wish to estimate alternative indices of multidimensional poverty. These alternative indices are used to estimate multidimensional poverty in the USA over the last decade with a focus on analyzing trends by race and ethnicity. Individual level data on five different dimensions of well-being are compiled over the last decade using annual Census surveys. We find that multidimensional poverty in the USA declined over time regardless of the index used. A higher incidence of multidimensional poverty was observed among Hispanics, American Indians and Blacks. Poverty ranking among racial/ethnic groups was robust to the indices used. Estimates of alternative indices highlight different aspects of multidimensional poverty and provide complementary information on poverty in the USA in the last decade.
- Spatial and Temporal Trends in Multidimensional Poverty in the United States over the Last Decade
In: Social Indicators Research [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2022
This paper undertakes a comprehensive analysis of multidimensional poverty in the United States over the last decade. It provides estimates of multidimensional poverty over more than a decade, from 2008 to 2019, which covers the Great Recession and the recovery following the recession when major policy changes such as the Affordable Care Act were implemented. For the first time, spatial trends in estimates of multidimensional poverty are also provided. We measure annual poverty levels in 4 regions, 50 states and examine the relation between multidimensional poverty and neighborhood characteristics. We find that on average, 13 percent of the United States population was multidimensional poor. Poverty rates were high in the South and the West and among young adults, immigrants and Hispanics. Alternative indices of multidimensional poverty show consistent trends; multidimensional poverty in the United States rose between 2008 and 2010 and then gradually declined. However, more than a quarter of individuals with incomes above the poverty threshold remained multidimensional poor. This underscores the fact that income does not always capture deprivation experienced by individuals. Policies geared towards affordable housing, health insurance and higher education will help reduce multidimensional poverty in the United States.
- Smoking habits in Mexico: Upward and Downward Comparisons of Economic Status
In: Review of Development Economics [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2021
- Multidimensional economic deprivation during the coronavirus pandemic: Early evidence from the United States
In: PLOS ONE [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2020
- Well-being, Poverty, and the Great Recession in the U.S.: A Study in a Multidimensional Framework
In: Review of Income and Wealth [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2019
We study changes in social well‐being and deprivation in the U.S. during the Great Recession and the subsequent recovery. We outline an analytical framework for measuring well‐being and deprivation in a multidimensional fashion when data on achievement in each dimension is assumed to be ordinal and binary in nature. We use data from the American Community Survey between 2008 and 2015 and find that there was a decline in social well‐being and a rise in social deprivation in the U.S. during the recession followed by a reversal of trends during the recovery. Despite low deprivation levels among the White population, this population experienced the largest increase in deprivation during the recession and the least decline in deprivation in the recovery period. These results underscore the fact that the impact of recession and the subsequent recovery varied significantly across population groups.
- Are Countries becoming Equally Unequal?
In: Empirical Economics [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2017
Literature on convergence in inequality is sparse and has almost entirely focused on the notion of testing beta convergence in the Gini indices. In this paper, for the first time, we test for sigma convergence in decile income shares across countries. We compile panel data on decile income shares for more than 60 countries over the last 25 years. Regardless of the level of development, within country inequality increased; income shares of the poorest deciles declined and those of the top decile increased significantly. Importantly, the decile income shares exhibited a statistically significant decline in dispersion between 1985 and 2011, providing strong evidence of sigma convergence in inequality. Convergence was more prominent among developing countries and less so among developed countries. The findings are robust to an array of sensitivity tests. Our analysis suggests that cross-country income distributions became more unequal but noticeably similar over time.
- Measuring Segregation of the Poor: Evidence from India
In: World Development [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2017
There is extensive literature on measures of poverty, yet the question of how the poor are distributed regionally has received less attention. This paper fills the gap by providing a conceptual framework to measure inequality in the distribution of the poor. A poverty segregation curve is used to compare a region's share of the poor population with its share in the overall population. A unique contribution of the paper is formulating a generalized version of the poverty segregation curve. The generalized segregation curve also takes average poverty rates into account while ranking distributions. The segregation curves are used to analyze changes in the distribution of the poor in India since the economic reforms in the early 1990s. In the decades following the reforms, India witnessed high growth rates and declining poverty rates. Despite the reduction in poverty, our analysis is the first to reveal that there was a significant rise in segregation of the poor over time.
- Multi-Dimensional Deprivation in the U.S.
In: Social Indicators Research [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2017
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of multidimensional deprivation in the U.S. since the Great Recession, from 2008 to 2013. We estimate a Multidimensional Deprivation Index by compiling individual data on multiple well-being dimensions from the American Community Survey. Our results indicate that the proportion of the population that is multidimensional deprived averages about 15 percent, which exceeds the prevalence of official income poverty. Lack of education, severe housing burden and lack of health insurance were some of the dimensions in which Americans were most deprived in. Overall, the prevalence of deprivation was higher in the southern and the western states and among the Asian and the Hispanic population. Importantly, almost 30 % of individuals with incomes slightly above the poverty threshold experienced multiple deprivations. Our analysis underscores the need to look beyond income based poverty statistics in order to fully realize the impact of the recession on individuals’ well-being.
- Binary data, hierarchy of attributes, and multidimensional deprivation
In: Journal of Economic Inequality [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2016
Empirical estimation of multidimensional deprivation measures has gained momentum in the last few years. Several existing measures assume that deprivation dimensions are cardinally measurable, when, in many instances, such data is not always available. In this paper, we propose a class of deprivation measures when the only information available is whether an individual is deprived in an attribute or not. The framework is then extended to a setting in which the multiple dimensions are grouped as basic attributes that are of fundamental importance for an individual’s quality of life and non-basic attributes which are at a much lower level of importance. Empirical illustrations of the proposed measures are provided based on the estimation of multidimensional deprivation among children in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam.
- Convergence in income distributions: Evidence from a Panel of Countries
In: Economic Modelling [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2016
There is growing evidence that countries' income distributions have changed significantly since globalization accelerated in the early 1990s. Using a large panel of Gini indices covering 81 countries between 1990 and 2010, we find strong evidence that inequality declined in nations that were initially highly unequal, while inequality increased in nations with initially low inequality. Developed countries' relative income distributions converged at a more rapid pace. These findings are robust to the method of estimation, level of economic development, time horizon, data source or measure of inequality. Our results suggest that income distributions in countries are becoming increasingly unequal yet more similar to each other.
- On Distributional Change, Pro-Poor Growth and Convergence
In: Journal of Economic Inequality [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2016
This paper proposes a unified approach to the measurement of distributional change. The framework is used to define indices of inequality in proportional growth rates, convergence, and pro-poorness of growth and associated equivalent growth rates. A distinction is made between non-anonymous and anonymous measures. The analysis is extended by using the notion of generalized Gini index. This unified approach is then implemented to study the link between income and other non-income characteristics, such as education and health. Empirical illustrations based on Indian data on individual educational achievements and on state wide infant survival levels highlight the usefulness of the proposed measures.
- Global Poverty Estimates: A Sensitivity Analysis
In: World Development [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2013
Current estimates of global poverty vary substantially across studies. We undertake a sensitivity analysis to highlight the importance of methodological choices by measuring global poverty using different data sources, parametric and nonparametric estimation methods, and multiple poverty lines. Our results indicate that estimates of global poverty vary significantly when they are based alternately on data from household surveys in poverty over the past decade is found to be robust across methodological choices.
- A Non-Parametric Measure of Poverty Elasticity
In: Review of Income and Wealth [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2011
We estimate the growth elasticity of poverty (GEP) using recently developed non-parametric panel methods and the most up-to-date and extensive poverty data from the World Bank, which exceeds 500 observations in size and represents more than 96 percent of the developing world’s population. Unlike previous studies which rely on parametric models, we employ a non-parametric approach which captures the non-linearity in the relationship between growth, inequality, and poverty. We find that the growth elasticity of poverty is higher for countries with fairly equal income distributions, and declines in nations with greater income disparities. Moreover, when controlling for differences in estimation technique, we find that the reported values of the GEP in the literature (based on the World Bank’s now-defunct 1993-PPP based poverty data) are systematically larger in magnitude than estimates based on the latest 2005-PPP based data.
- Testing Convergence in Income Distribution
In: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2009
The generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator is often used to test for convergence in income distribution in a dynamic panel set-up. We argue that though consistent, the GMM estimator utilizes the sample observations inefficiently. We propose a simple ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator with more efficient use of sample information. Our Monte Carlo study shows that the GMM estimator can be very imprecise and severely biased in finite samples. In contrast, the OLS estimator overcomes these shortcomings.
- Measuring the Impact of Growth and Income Distribution on Poverty in India
In: Journal of Income Distribution [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2007
Since the economic reforms of the early 1990s, the Indian economy witnessed a rapid rise in the mean income level, and, simultaneously, changes in the distribution of income. This paper tries to capture how these changes affected poverty levels across major states in India. Total change in poverty is decomposed into the change due to a rise in the mean income level and the change due to changes in the distribution of income. It is observed that, in India, rapid growth led to a significant decline in poverty though changes in the distribution of income adversely affected the poor.
All Publications
Journal Articles
- COVID-19 and mortality among infants: Evidence from India
In: Journal of Health Economics [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2025
We present the first survey-based evidence on infant mortality in a developing country during the COVID-19 pandemic. Employing high-quality, nationally representative data from India, our analyses document a significant rise in mortality rates among infants during a six month period in 2020 covering the pandemic and the ensuing lockdown. The difference-in-differences estimates show that mortality among infants at ages 1, 3, and 6 months increased by about 9, 13, and 16 deaths per 1000 births, corresponding to an increase of 30, 42, and 44 percent, respectively. Since COVID-19 had minimal direct impact on infant mortality, our estimates likely capture some of the indirect effects on infant mortality through income shocks, reduced healthcare access, and behavioral changes such as avoidance of hospitals for maternal care during this period.
- Inequality in Multidimensional Well-being in the United States
In: Review of Income and Wealth [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2024
In this paper we provide a framework to measure an individual's multidimensional well-being and discuss two approaches to measuring inequality in multidimensional well-being. The framework is used to study inequality in multidimensional well-being in the United States in the last decade. Using data from the Current Population Survey on three well-being indicators, namely, income, health, and education, we first compute a multidimensional well-being index for every individual in the sample and then study inequality of well-being thus obtained. We find that inequality in well-being increased between 2010 and 2014 and decreased between 2014 and 2019. We test the sensitivity of our results by using alternative measures of inequality and attaching alternative weights to well-being indicators.
- Poverty and Disadvantage throughout Childhood in the United States
In: Child Indicators Research [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2024
We analyze measures of socioeconomic disadvantage over the course of childhood in the United States. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we estimate the proportion of childhood spent in income poverty, low food spending, and multidimensional disadvantage from 1998 to 2018, as well as the degree to which these measures coincide. We also report associations between correlates of childhood disadvantage and early adulthood implications for health and education. On average, one-fifth of childhood is characterized by some socioeconomic disadvantage. 10% of all children spend at least half of their childhood in poverty, and the 10% most persistently disadvantaged Black children spend at least 85% of their childhood in poverty. Childhood disadvantage has strong negative associations with continuing education, both at the extensive and intensive margins of exposure, and a broader classification of childhood disadvantage is suggestive of negative health outcomes in early adulthood, as well.
- Rapid Economic Growth but Rising Poverty Segregation: Will Vietnam Meet the SDGs for Equitable Development?
In: Review of Development Economics [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2024
Vietnam is widely regarded as a success story for its impressive economic growth and poverty reduction in the last few decades. Yet, recent evidence indicates that the country's economic growth has not been uniform. Compiling and analyzing new extensive province-level data from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys (VHLSSs) spanning 2002 and 2020 and other data sources, we find within-province inequality to be much larger than between-province inequality. Furthermore, this inequality gap is rising over time. Despite the country's fast poverty reduction, the poor were increasingly segregated in certain provinces, particularly those with a larger ethnic minority population. We find beneficial impact of economic growth on poverty reduction, but this can depend on inequality levels. We also find greater inequality to have negative effects on economic growth but varying negative effects on different poverty indicators. We also find some supportive evidence for the beneficial impact of economic transitions from agriculture to non-agriculture. Our results suggest that policy makers in Vietnam should focus on reducing spatial disparities and income inequality to attain sustainable economic development.
- Multidimensional Hardships in the U.S. during the COVID-19 Pandemic
In: Social Indicators Research [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2023
In this paper, for the first time, we provide monthly estimates of multidimensional hardships experienced by Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic. We compile data from the Census’s Household Pulse Survey on job insecurity, food insufficiency, housing insecurity, and mental health. Our analysis covers two years of the pandemic, beginning in April 2020 and ending in March 2022. We find that during these two years, 16.3% of adults, on average, experienced two or more hardships simultaneously. At the peaks of the hardship crises in July and December 2020, approximately 20% or one in five adults experienced two or more hardships. The most common hardships experienced by Americans during the pandemic were job insecurity and mental health. Multidimensional hardships were more prevalent among Black and Hispanic adults and less among White and Asian adults. Our results underscore the fact that the pandemic compounded hardships experienced by Americans and left a long-lasting impact on their well-being.
- Analyzing Racial and Ethnic Differences in the USA through the Lens of Multidimensional Poverty
In: Journal of Economics, Race and Policy [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2022
This paper provides a unified framework for practitioners who wish to estimate alternative indices of multidimensional poverty. These alternative indices are used to estimate multidimensional poverty in the USA over the last decade with a focus on analyzing trends by race and ethnicity. Individual level data on five different dimensions of well-being are compiled over the last decade using annual Census surveys. We find that multidimensional poverty in the USA declined over time regardless of the index used. A higher incidence of multidimensional poverty was observed among Hispanics, American Indians and Blacks. Poverty ranking among racial/ethnic groups was robust to the indices used. Estimates of alternative indices highlight different aspects of multidimensional poverty and provide complementary information on poverty in the USA in the last decade.
- Spatial and Temporal Trends in Multidimensional Poverty in the United States over the Last Decade
In: Social Indicators Research [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2022
This paper undertakes a comprehensive analysis of multidimensional poverty in the United States over the last decade. It provides estimates of multidimensional poverty over more than a decade, from 2008 to 2019, which covers the Great Recession and the recovery following the recession when major policy changes such as the Affordable Care Act were implemented. For the first time, spatial trends in estimates of multidimensional poverty are also provided. We measure annual poverty levels in 4 regions, 50 states and examine the relation between multidimensional poverty and neighborhood characteristics. We find that on average, 13 percent of the United States population was multidimensional poor. Poverty rates were high in the South and the West and among young adults, immigrants and Hispanics. Alternative indices of multidimensional poverty show consistent trends; multidimensional poverty in the United States rose between 2008 and 2010 and then gradually declined. However, more than a quarter of individuals with incomes above the poverty threshold remained multidimensional poor. This underscores the fact that income does not always capture deprivation experienced by individuals. Policies geared towards affordable housing, health insurance and higher education will help reduce multidimensional poverty in the United States.
- Smoking habits in Mexico: Upward and Downward Comparisons of Economic Status
In: Review of Development Economics [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2021
- Multidimensional economic deprivation during the coronavirus pandemic: Early evidence from the United States
In: PLOS ONE [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2020
- Well-being, Poverty, and the Great Recession in the U.S.: A Study in a Multidimensional Framework
In: Review of Income and Wealth [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2019
We study changes in social well‐being and deprivation in the U.S. during the Great Recession and the subsequent recovery. We outline an analytical framework for measuring well‐being and deprivation in a multidimensional fashion when data on achievement in each dimension is assumed to be ordinal and binary in nature. We use data from the American Community Survey between 2008 and 2015 and find that there was a decline in social well‐being and a rise in social deprivation in the U.S. during the recession followed by a reversal of trends during the recovery. Despite low deprivation levels among the White population, this population experienced the largest increase in deprivation during the recession and the least decline in deprivation in the recovery period. These results underscore the fact that the impact of recession and the subsequent recovery varied significantly across population groups.
- Are Countries becoming Equally Unequal?
In: Empirical Economics [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2017
Literature on convergence in inequality is sparse and has almost entirely focused on the notion of testing beta convergence in the Gini indices. In this paper, for the first time, we test for sigma convergence in decile income shares across countries. We compile panel data on decile income shares for more than 60 countries over the last 25 years. Regardless of the level of development, within country inequality increased; income shares of the poorest deciles declined and those of the top decile increased significantly. Importantly, the decile income shares exhibited a statistically significant decline in dispersion between 1985 and 2011, providing strong evidence of sigma convergence in inequality. Convergence was more prominent among developing countries and less so among developed countries. The findings are robust to an array of sensitivity tests. Our analysis suggests that cross-country income distributions became more unequal but noticeably similar over time.
- Measuring Segregation of the Poor: Evidence from India
In: World Development [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2017
There is extensive literature on measures of poverty, yet the question of how the poor are distributed regionally has received less attention. This paper fills the gap by providing a conceptual framework to measure inequality in the distribution of the poor. A poverty segregation curve is used to compare a region's share of the poor population with its share in the overall population. A unique contribution of the paper is formulating a generalized version of the poverty segregation curve. The generalized segregation curve also takes average poverty rates into account while ranking distributions. The segregation curves are used to analyze changes in the distribution of the poor in India since the economic reforms in the early 1990s. In the decades following the reforms, India witnessed high growth rates and declining poverty rates. Despite the reduction in poverty, our analysis is the first to reveal that there was a significant rise in segregation of the poor over time.
- Multi-Dimensional Deprivation in the U.S.
In: Social Indicators Research [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2017
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of multidimensional deprivation in the U.S. since the Great Recession, from 2008 to 2013. We estimate a Multidimensional Deprivation Index by compiling individual data on multiple well-being dimensions from the American Community Survey. Our results indicate that the proportion of the population that is multidimensional deprived averages about 15 percent, which exceeds the prevalence of official income poverty. Lack of education, severe housing burden and lack of health insurance were some of the dimensions in which Americans were most deprived in. Overall, the prevalence of deprivation was higher in the southern and the western states and among the Asian and the Hispanic population. Importantly, almost 30 % of individuals with incomes slightly above the poverty threshold experienced multiple deprivations. Our analysis underscores the need to look beyond income based poverty statistics in order to fully realize the impact of the recession on individuals’ well-being.
- Binary data, hierarchy of attributes, and multidimensional deprivation
In: Journal of Economic Inequality [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2016
Empirical estimation of multidimensional deprivation measures has gained momentum in the last few years. Several existing measures assume that deprivation dimensions are cardinally measurable, when, in many instances, such data is not always available. In this paper, we propose a class of deprivation measures when the only information available is whether an individual is deprived in an attribute or not. The framework is then extended to a setting in which the multiple dimensions are grouped as basic attributes that are of fundamental importance for an individual’s quality of life and non-basic attributes which are at a much lower level of importance. Empirical illustrations of the proposed measures are provided based on the estimation of multidimensional deprivation among children in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam.
- Convergence in income distributions: Evidence from a Panel of Countries
In: Economic Modelling [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2016
There is growing evidence that countries' income distributions have changed significantly since globalization accelerated in the early 1990s. Using a large panel of Gini indices covering 81 countries between 1990 and 2010, we find strong evidence that inequality declined in nations that were initially highly unequal, while inequality increased in nations with initially low inequality. Developed countries' relative income distributions converged at a more rapid pace. These findings are robust to the method of estimation, level of economic development, time horizon, data source or measure of inequality. Our results suggest that income distributions in countries are becoming increasingly unequal yet more similar to each other.
- On Distributional Change, Pro-Poor Growth and Convergence
In: Journal of Economic Inequality [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2016
This paper proposes a unified approach to the measurement of distributional change. The framework is used to define indices of inequality in proportional growth rates, convergence, and pro-poorness of growth and associated equivalent growth rates. A distinction is made between non-anonymous and anonymous measures. The analysis is extended by using the notion of generalized Gini index. This unified approach is then implemented to study the link between income and other non-income characteristics, such as education and health. Empirical illustrations based on Indian data on individual educational achievements and on state wide infant survival levels highlight the usefulness of the proposed measures.
- Global Poverty Estimates: A Sensitivity Analysis
In: World Development [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2013
Current estimates of global poverty vary substantially across studies. We undertake a sensitivity analysis to highlight the importance of methodological choices by measuring global poverty using different data sources, parametric and nonparametric estimation methods, and multiple poverty lines. Our results indicate that estimates of global poverty vary significantly when they are based alternately on data from household surveys in poverty over the past decade is found to be robust across methodological choices.
- A Non-Parametric Measure of Poverty Elasticity
In: Review of Income and Wealth [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2011
We estimate the growth elasticity of poverty (GEP) using recently developed non-parametric panel methods and the most up-to-date and extensive poverty data from the World Bank, which exceeds 500 observations in size and represents more than 96 percent of the developing world’s population. Unlike previous studies which rely on parametric models, we employ a non-parametric approach which captures the non-linearity in the relationship between growth, inequality, and poverty. We find that the growth elasticity of poverty is higher for countries with fairly equal income distributions, and declines in nations with greater income disparities. Moreover, when controlling for differences in estimation technique, we find that the reported values of the GEP in the literature (based on the World Bank’s now-defunct 1993-PPP based poverty data) are systematically larger in magnitude than estimates based on the latest 2005-PPP based data.
- Testing Convergence in Income Distribution
In: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2009
The generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator is often used to test for convergence in income distribution in a dynamic panel set-up. We argue that though consistent, the GMM estimator utilizes the sample observations inefficiently. We propose a simple ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator with more efficient use of sample information. Our Monte Carlo study shows that the GMM estimator can be very imprecise and severely biased in finite samples. In contrast, the OLS estimator overcomes these shortcomings.
- Measuring the Impact of Growth and Income Distribution on Poverty in India
In: Journal of Income Distribution [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2007
Since the economic reforms of the early 1990s, the Indian economy witnessed a rapid rise in the mean income level, and, simultaneously, changes in the distribution of income. This paper tries to capture how these changes affected poverty levels across major states in India. Total change in poverty is decomposed into the change due to a rise in the mean income level and the change due to changes in the distribution of income. It is observed that, in India, rapid growth led to a significant decline in poverty though changes in the distribution of income adversely affected the poor.
Chapters
- From Small Town to the Most Diverse Square Mile in America: Refugee Resettlement and Socio-demographic Change in Clarkston, Georgia
In: Taking Root? Cosmopolitan Perspectives on Migrations [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2024
- Poverty in India
In: Research Handbook on Measuring Poverty and Deprivation [Peer Reviewed]
Date: 2022
- A Multidimensional Analysis of the Elderly in the U.S
In: R. White (ed.) Measuring Multidimensional Poverty and Deprivation, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 255-270
Date: 2017
The number of older adults in the USA is growing rapidly and by 2030 Americans aged 65 years or older will account for roughly 20% of the total population. We estimate multidimensional deprivation among the elderly in the US Deprivation is measured in four distinct dimensions of well-being: health condition, standard of living, education and economic security measured by housing costs. Three different indices are estimated to analyze the joint impact of deprivation in these dimensions on older adults’ overall welfare. The study uses the American Community Survey which is the largest nationally representative household survey in the USA. Results show that, around 38% of the elderly were deprived in at least one dimension, 12% in at least two dimensions. Deprivation prevalence was higher among Asians and Blacks and especially among the Hispanic. Older Hispanic adults were predominantly deprived in education and income. The study argues that measuring disparity in overlapping dimensions will be useful to design effective policies in the future.
- Measuring Global Poverty
In: The International Studies Association Compendium, Blackwell Publishing, pp. 1-16
Date: 2010
- Preference, Rational Choice and Utility
In: Amartya Sen, Cambridge University Press
Date: 2009
- Decomposing Spatial Differences in Poverty in India
In: Spatial Disparities in Human Development: Perspectives from Asia, United Nations University Press, pp. 273-288
Date: 2006